How-to

Raw log2 CPM values are hard to interpret as a table. A heatmap fixes that — but the defaults are ugly. Here is how to build a publication-ready gene expression heatmap in R with pheatmap, including clustering, color palettes, and sample annotations.

Raw counts from RNA-seq are not comparable across samples without normalization. Here is why that matters, what CPM and TPM actually do, and how to normalize in R.

Six steps from raw CSV to a publication-ready figure with significance bars. A complete, copy-paste-ready R workflow using dplyr, ggplot2, and ggsignif — built on the qPCR dataset from Arc 1.

A practical guide to free tools for analyzing Sanger sequencing chromatograms — from .ab1 viewers to CLI variant callers.

t.test() and aov() replace ten minutes of clicking in GraphPad Prism. Here is how to run t-tests, ANOVA, and post-hoc comparisons on your qPCR data — with code you can actually reproduce.